A tradeoff or tradeoff is a situational decision that involves diminishing or losing one quality, quantity or property of a set or design in return for gains in other aspects. A new polygenic model for nonfamilial colorectal cancer inheritance based on the genetic architecture of the azoxymethaneinduced mouse model. We argue that the precocity of death in pygmies is the key to the evolution of both pygmy size and life history. The functional causes of life history trade offs have been a topic of interest to evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Ca aktipis, am boddy, ra gatenby, js brown, cc maley. Praziquantel decreases fecundity in schistosoma mansoni adult. Variation in the life history strategy of cells underlies. Trade offs are widely recognized in biology, but the rules that govern them are not yet well understood.
The extent to which variation in telomere loss might be involved in the evolution of life histories, and constrain or underpin life history trade. On the other hand, in smaller, shorterlived species life history trade offs are likely to be more pronounced, as smaller animals have limited energy reserves to balance competing resource demands. Life history, longevity and aging population ecology life history evolution. Trade offs between life history traits play a pivotal role in these predictions, and such trade offs are mediated, at least in part, by physiological allocations. Emergent constraints and their adaptive consequences by bret s. Abstract somatic evolution during cancer progression and therapy results in tumour cells that show a. One corollary of life history theory is the challenge hypothesis, which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual competition occurring within reproductive contexts. The physiology of life history trade offs in animals. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Purpose in this paper, we provide an overview of a life history theory and how it applies to cancer evolution. Lifehistory tradeoffs have been proposed as a hypothesis for explaining. Life history theory has provided a powerful conceptual framework for investigating the evolution of life history strategies, in which trade offs among growth, reproduction, and survival have a major role.
Cancer and tumours may evolve in response to life history trade offs between growth and duration of development on one hand, and between growth and maintenance of immune function on the other. Is estrogen receptor negative breast cancer risk associated. The role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of. In this paper, we provide an overview of a life history theory and how it applies to cancer evolution. Our results show that selected and control mites exhibited similar fecundities, longevities, attachment plasticities and morphologies, which did not provide evidence for life history trade offs.
But need to allocate it to maintenance, growth, reproduction concept of tradeoffs energynutrients constrain physiological options r m g r g m richard levins the principle of allocation allocation tradeoffs. Mechanisms of life history evolution hardcover thomas. Somatic evolution during cancer progression and therapy results in tumor cells that exhibit a wide range of phenotypes including rapid proliferation and quiescence. Tradeoffs stem from limitations of many origins, including simple physics for instance, only a certain volume of objects can fit. Physiological underpinnings in lifehistory tradeoffs in man. Molecular biology and evolution of cancer oxford academic. Abstract the functional causes of life history trade offs have been a topic of interest to evolutionary biologists for over six decades. First, we define what individual heterogeneity means and clarify the terminology used in the literature. The physiology of life history tradeoffs in animals annual. The physiology of life history tradeoffs in animals. Aktipis ca1, boddy am, gatenby ra, brown js, maley cc.
At the very least, my purpose is to stimulate critical thought about not only the ecology and evolution of cancer as a disease, but also the malignant phenotype as a sustainably viable entity, with an organismal ecology and life history rooted deep in time. Differences of lifehistory traits are thought to result from tradeoffs between behavioral and physiological aspects in each species as mediated by the biotic and abiotic environment, as well as genetic mechanisms. The unconstrained evolution of fast and efficient antibiotic. Evolutionary life history theory provides a framework for understanding how. While its impact has waned in the recent past, cancer evolution may rekindle it. Athena aktipis1,2,3 1department of psychology, arizona state university, tempe, az, usa 2center for evolution and cancer, university of california san francisco, san francisco, ca, usa. Tradeoffs in lifehistory evolution yale university. Life history tradeoffs in cancer evolution ncbi nih. Praziquantel decreases fecundity in schistosoma mansoni. I am using life history theory, agentbased modeling and genomic techniques to 1 help understand why we see this diversity of phenotypes in cancer, 2 provide a new perspective in treatment design and 3 understand the molecular processes underpinning cellular trade offs. Weinstein a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of.
Life history tradeoffs and the evolutionary biology of aging. Evolutionary biology and biomedicine have seen a surge of recent interest in the possibility that telomeres play a role in lifehistory tradeoffs and ageing. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might. Life history tradeoffs and the partitioning of maternal. Life history, immunity, petos paradox and tumours in birds. A tradeoff occurs whenever a change in one trait that increases fitness is connected to a change in another trait that decreases fitness. The book offers an uptodate description of the analytical tools used in evolutionary explanation. Life history tradeoffs expected with limited resources lizards birds due to allocation of resources. Evolutionary life history theory may help us understand the diversity of these phenotypes. Life history tradeoffs and the evolutionary biology of aging 5. The impact of proliferationmigration tradeoffs on phenotypic. Tradeoffs between reproduction and maintenance can compromise health.
The inevitable intratumoral and interpatient heterogeneity among evolving cancer cells poses a major obstacle in our understanding of cancer evolution and designing effective treatment strategies. The major functions involved in tradeoffs are maintenance, growth, reproduction, and defence, in which energy can be invested. In areas where annual praziquantel treatment is ineffective at. Recently, however, there has been a burgeoning of interest in telomere dynamics in healthy organisms.
Allocation of these resources necessarily involves tradeoffs, since energy that is used for one purpose. Lifehistory theory has provided a powerful conceptual framework for investigating the evolution of lifehistory strategies, in which tradeoffs among growth, reproduction, and survival have a major role. Individual heterogeneity and capturerecapture models. Therefore, differences in relative levels of investment in innate versus acquired immune defenses are likely to be smaller in humans, and perhaps. Although much work remains to be done to understand these tradeoffs, life history theory provides a valuable framework for investigating how other.
Dynamical tradeoffs arise from antagonistic coevolution. Nov 11, 20 life history trade offs in cancer evolution. The concept of a trade off is often used to describe situations in everyday life. Although life history theory has made enormous progress in explaining the diversity of life history strategies among. Determine how adult survival and offspring survival affect the breeding success of plants. May 24, 2016 animal lifehistory traits fall within a limited ecological space, a continuum referred to as a slowfast lifehistory axis. It is also unclear how life history tradeoffs in the host affect tradeoffs in the tumor. In addition, most protective mechanisms shaped by selection against cancer are costly and come with trade. Cancer and tumours may evolve in response to lifehistory tradeoffs between growth and duration of development on one hand, and between growth and maintenance of immune function on the other. The contradictory results regarding breast cancer risk and life history characteristics illustrate a more general challenge in. Digital comprehensive summaries of uppsala dissertations from the faculty of science and technology 1555. Polyandry, lifehistory tradeoffs and the evolution of.
This article explains why they exist, how they arise, how they can be measured, and briefly discusses their evolution. Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by analyzing the ecological factors that shape agespecific schedules of growth, reproduction, and survival and by investigating the trade offs that constrain the evolution of these traits. According to life history theory, age at first reproduction is set by natural selection as the result of two opposite forces. On one hand, extended growth and the resulting larger adult size engender fertility gains and reduced. Kselection theory describes the tradeoffs between high reproductive output and competitiveness and guides research in evolutionary ecology. The evolution of life history tradeoffs in viruses.
Understanding the mechanisms by which diversity is maintained in pathogen populations is critical for epidemiological predictions. Modern medical research and practice have focused on the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying health and disease, while evolutionary medicine focuses on the question of why evolution has shaped these mechanisms in ways that may leave us susceptible to. Tumour heterogeneity and the evolutionary tradeoffs of cancer. Boddy1,2,3, hanna kokko3,4, felix breden3,5, gerald s. Evaluate how trade offs in reproduction and survival affect population growth. Most telomere research is done in the context of human disease. Life history theory also provides an evolutionary framework for phenotypic plasticity, which has potential implications for understanding cancer stem cells. There are seven traits that are traditionally recognized as important in life history theory. Life history tradeoffs in cancer evolution pubmed central pmc.
The functional causes of life history tradeoffs have been a topic of interest to evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Male hormones such as testosterone regulate energy allocation between reproductive effort and survival. Heritability and genetic constraints of lifehistory trait evolution in preindustrial humans. On this basis, since life history tradeoffs are transmissible across generations, so is the risk of ncds, strongly mediated by early growth patterns an index of energy allocation to metabolic capacity and subsequent adiposity an index of energy allocation to metabolic load. Increased predictive power can be gained by treating trade offs as emergent phenomena governed by laws that are also emergent. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might select for fast or slow life history. Evolutionary medicine or darwinian medicine is the application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease. How hormones mediate tradeoffs in human health and disease. Two key concepts in life history theory are tradeoffs and reaction norms. The natural history of cancer is marked by temporal acquisition of diverse genetic and epigenetic aberrations.
Evolutionary life history theory provides a framework for understanding the human life cycle. The role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of life. Life history theory, a theoretical framework from organismal evolutionary biology suggests that cancer cells may be subject to tradeoffs between. Life history theory suggests that different therapy dosing schedules might select for fast or slow life history cell phenotypes, with important clinical consequences. How hormones mediate tradeoffs in human health and.
Classifying the evolutionary and ecological features of. Here, we tested whether i bird species with slow developmental rates for their body size experience low. In particular, we will stress the importance of comparative and mechanistic approaches to studying the generalities of life history trade offs in viruses. Although each of us goes through a life cycle only once, there is a continuity of life cycles from generation to generation.
Although much work remains to be done to understand these trade offs, life history theory provides a valuable framework for investigating how other contextspecific variables such as disease burden, healthcare practices, and individual lifestyle might modify reproductive costs. Tradeoffs between life history traits play a pivotal role in these predictions, and such tradeoffs are mediated, at least in part, by physiological allocations. Variation and correlations between sexual, asexual and natural enemy resistance lifehistory traits in a natural plant pathogen population. I am using life history theory, agentbased modeling and genomic techniques to 1 help understand why we see this diversity of phenotypes in cancer, 2 provide a new perspective in treatment design and 3 understand the molecular processes underpinning cellular tradeoffs. Without tradeoffs, evolution would maximize fitness of all traits leading to a master of all traits. Ecology and evolution of cancer is a timely work outlining ideas that not only represent a substantial and original contribution to the fields of evolution, ecology, and cancer, but also goes beyond by connecting the interfaces of these disciplines. Evolutionary biology and biomedicine have seen a surge of recent interest in the possibility that telomeres play a role in life history trade offs and ageing. The trait that is seen as the most important for any given organism is the one where a change in that trait creates the most significant difference in that organisms level of fitness. Such costs are not only limited to drug resistance, but hostparasite tradeoffs can occur throughout the lifecycle 3641. Polyandry, lifehistory tradeoffs and the evolution of imprinting at mendelian loci. Another challenge in this domain of research is the heterogeneous expression of estrogenreceptor. Animal lifehistory traits fall within a limited ecological space, a continuum referred to as a slowfast lifehistory axis. The old saying do not put all of your eggs into one basket implies a trade off with respect to spreading risk, as when one buys a mutual fund composed of many stocks rather than only one or a few stocks, with the mutual having a lower expected variance in the returns.
Life history tradeoffs explain the evolution of human. Here, i evaluate alternative hypotheses for the role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of life history trade offs and ageing, and highlight outstanding challenges. Jan 30, 2017 evolutionary trajectories are constrained by trade offs when mutations that benefit one life history trait incur fitness costs in other traits. First, cancer defense mechanisms, such as dna repair, cell cycle control, and immune function, can be costly. Similar tradeoffs may exist for cancer cells, with cells occupying unpredictable microenvironments being selected for fast replication at the expense of cell survival. Female hormones adjust energy allocation between investment in ovarian function, somatic investment, and present offspring.
Life histories describe how organisms allocate resources to growth, reproduction, and selfmaintenance for survival in a given environment. Life history tradeoffs and the evolutionary biology of aging oxford. Temperature effects on lifehistory tradeoffs, germline. Here, i evaluate alternative hypotheses for the role of telomeres in the mechanisms and evolution of lifehistory tradeoffs and ageing, and highlight outstanding challenges. Life history theory predicts evolutionary changes in reproductive traits and intrinsic mortality rates in response to differences in extrinsic mortality rates. Stearns zoological institute, university of basle, reinsprung 9, ch4051 basle, switzerland introduction trade offs represent the costs paid in the currency. One corollary of life history theory is the challenge hypothesis, which predicts that males augment testosterone levels in response to intrasexual. In simple terms, a tradeoff is where one thing increases and another must decrease.
Tradeoffs play a central role in life history theory. Tradeoffs between acquired and innate immune defenses in. Life history theory is an analytical framework designed to study the diversity of life history strategies used by different organisms throughout the world, as well as the causes and results of the variation in their life cycles. Trade offs between reproduction and maintenance can compromise health. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. There are likely energetic tradeoffs between cancer suppression and other important life history components, such as reproduction and growth 22. Lifehistory theory predicts evolutionary changes in reproductive traits and intrinsic mortality rates in response to differences in extrinsic mortality rates.
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